Equip -- Foundations: How to Study
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Equip
Foundations: How to Study
by Pastor Drue Freeman, MBL
a publication of:
Village Ministries International
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Copyright © 1999 Village Ministries International, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Equip is a publication of Village Ministries International, Inc.
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The Lockman Foundation A Corporation Not for Profit La Habra, CA
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Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 2 -- The Bible
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Lesson 2 -- The Bible
WHAT IS THE BIBLE?
- THE WRITTEN WORD OF GOD
The Bible was written by more than forty authors whose lives spanned over 1,500 years, which means the Bible is not simply a common book. Jesus Christ called it "The Book". {Heb 10:7} Without it man cannot know the absolute standard of righteousness, nor the need for grace in his life. God chose to have His words written down so that His standards would be clear. The written Word is accepted by faith and proven by history (events that have already occurred).
The great majority of people use translations of the Bible from the original languages of Scripture. Most of the Old Testament was written in Hebrew. The only exceptions are found in the Book of Daniel - chapters 2 through 7, and in the Book of Ezra - chapters 4 through 7. These chapters were written in a sister language to the Hebrew called Aramaic, which was the language spoken by most of the Jews at the time these books were written. All of the New Testament is written in Koine (common) Greek.
- THE INSPIRED WORD OF GOD
Every single part of the Bible is inspired by God, {2Ti 3:16-17} and is thus profitable. 'Inspiration' is more than human genius, illumination and revelation because it is divinely initiated. It is "God's breath" expressing itself through a human personality.
'Revelation' means to give new information.
'Illumination' occurs when the Holy Spirit makes "Revelation" understandable for the student of the Word.
- THE REVELATION OF THE LIVING WORD OF GOD.
The Bible is the written revelation of the Living Word of God - our Lord Jesus Christ. The written Word is not the living Word; it is the divine description of the Lord Jesus Christ (Heb 4:12 cf. John 5:39-47).
This is an important distinction to make. The paper and ink do not contain the power, but the Power behind the paper and ink is the Spirit of God making the difference in people's lives. To view the words as powerful in and of themselves, without being awestruck by the Author, {Heb 12:2} misses the point.
THE DIVISIONS OF THE BIBLE:
1. THE TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS.
The Bible is divided into two Testaments, the Old and the New.
There are 66 total books, 39 in the Old Testament, written by over 30 different authors, and 27 in the New Testament, written by 10 authors. There are 1,189 chapters, 929 in the Old Testament, and 260 chapters in the New Testament. The Old Testament contains 23,214 verses; the New Testament contains 7,959 verses (for a total of 31,173 verses of Scripture).
A "testament" is a covenant or contract, something of value that has been offered by one party, then accepted by the recipient party. For example, when someone desires to purchase any product, an offer is made and then accepted or rejected. Once the offer is accepted, a covenant or contract has been made. The covenant contains promises that are to govern the relationship between the two parties.
Another good example is that of the marriage bond. Exchanged wedding vows are a covenant between the bride and the groom acting as the foundation of the relationship.
2. THE FIVE DIVISIONS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
The Old Testament contains the original covenants that God made with man concerning the coming Messiah. Later in our study we will examine the covenants that God has made with man. The Old Testament is grouped into five divisions, as follows:
- The Law, called the "Torah" or "Pentateuch", is comprised of five books:
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
- Historical books (twelve): Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1
Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther.
- Poetical books (five): Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and the Song
of Solomon.
- Major Prophets (five): Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel and
Daniel.
- Minor Prophets (twelve): Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum,
Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi.
3. THE THREE DIVISIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
The New Testament documents the arrival of the Messiah, and contains the new covenant made thereafter.
There is, of course, a variety of topics within the books. The historical books, for example, contain some prophecy (Matt 24,Mr 13, Luke 21), just as the book of prophecy contains some epistles (Rev 2-3). The general designation of any book is based simply on its overall content. The New Testament is grouped into three divisions, as follows:
- The New Testament begins with five Historical books: Matthew, Mark, Luke,
John and the book of Acts.
- The Historical books are followed by twenty-one Epistles (letters): Romans, 1
Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1
Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, 1
John, 2 John, 3 John, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, Hebrews, James and Jude.
- There is one book of Prophecy: Revelation.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
- In your own words, what is the Bible?
- What does the Bible say about itself?
- Describe the difference between "Inspiration" and "Illumination."
- What are the original languages of Scripture?
- What is a Testament and how many are in the Bible?
- What are the five major divisions of the Old Testament?
- What are the three major divisions of the New Testament?
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 5 -- Preparing to Study the Bible
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Lesson 5 -- Preparing to Study the Bible
In the last two lessons we were introduced to the importance of knowing significant events that occurred in the past (Lesson 3) as well as the sequence in which they occurred (Lesson 4). We were laying a foundation to help us answer an important question one must ask when studying the Bible-the question 'When?' As we seek to understand the Bible, we find ourselves constantly searching for answers to questions we have. There are some basic questions which we must ask and answer because they are important to 'handling accurately the word of truth'. {2Ti 2:15} God invites us to bring all of our questions to Him (Matt 7:7-8).
The basic questions that we must ask of every verse are very simple: who, what, when, where, why, and how? The answers must be considered while keeping in mind the two primary questions concerning the Christian Life: How does this help us develop a close, personal relationship with our Lord Jesus Christ? {Php 3:10} And, how then shall we live (John 7:17)?
SIX BASIC QUESTIONS FOR EVERY VERSE:
- "WHO?"
As we ask the question, "who?" we are seeking to determine who is doing the speaking and to whom it is addressed. One example is found in Genesis 22:2 when God told Abraham to sacrifice his son, his only son, to Him. God spoke directly to Abraham, not anyone else in this case, so we, as hearers of the Word, are not under that particular order.
- "WHAT?"
"What" deals with the reality of the thing being said. Jesus Christ is referred to in Revelation 5 as "the Lamb." This does not mean that He is a shaggy, four- footed creature, but refers to His sacrifice for sin (John 1:29) which is the 'reality.'
- "WHEN?"
The "when" question refers us to the time frame to which a particular passage may refer. For instance, Abraham's marriage to his half sister Sarah might be interpreted as immoral until the reader understands that this marriage occurred before the giving of the Mosaic Law, which forbade such practice. Since personal sin is not an issue when there is no law, {Ro 4:15} we conclude that in Abraham's case, incestuous marriage was not sin. Clear answers to the question "when" is crucial to complete understanding.
- "WHERE?"
"Where" deals with the geography and frequently the culture in which a passage was written. Frequently in the Bible we find the phrase "up to Jerusalem." In many cultures, the phrase "up to" has come to mean to travel north. However, the Biblical intent has to do with elevation and not direction. When Jesus came from Galilee and was going "up to Jerusalem," He was actually traveling south, but going higher up in elevation.
- "WHY?"
The "why" question is often the most difficult question to answer. The answer is most often found through studying other passages. If one reads the phrase in Isaiah 7:14 which says, "Behold, a virgin will be with child and bear a son, and she will call His name Immanuel," an obvious question would be "why a virgin?" We might just answer the question with, "that's the way God wanted to do it." That answer, while correct, is not complete.
As we look for the answer we will find the passage in Romans 5 that addresses the effect the sin of Adam had on the human race. We find that through the man, Adam, each member of the human race is given a Sin Nature. If Jesus had had an earthly father, He too would have had a Sin Nature. The answer to "why", in this case, is crucial to Christ's qualifications to pay for sin.
- "HOW?"
The question of "how" is often difficult to answer as well. We might ask, "How did Jesus walk on water?" The answer is simply that He depended upon the Holy Spirit (Luke 4:18). We also might ask, "How does God control history when mankind has the freedom of choice?" That question is not as easily answered and we will explore it later in our study.
WHAT IF WE CAN'T ANSWER THEM ALL?
These questions and their answers are important. We must remember, however, that our relationship with the Living God is based on faith. {Eph 2:8-9 Col 2:6} We won't get all of the answers that we seek in this lifetime, but God has promised that eventually all of our questions will be answered (1Cor 13:12).
TWO IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUESTIONS:
1. HOW WILL THIS HELP DEVELOP MY RELATIONSHIP WITH JESUS CHRIST?
This is one of the most important questions we can ask. The knowledge that we have gained through the study of God's Word must be united with faith, {Heb 11:6} so that our relationship with the Lord will grow. We must trust God's Word as accurate and dependable. The result will be a relationship with the Lord that is grounded in His love and is beyond human knowledge. The apostle Paul said it clearly in Ephesians 3:14-19 when he wrote:
"For this reason, I bow my knees before the Father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth derives its name, that He would grant you, according to the riches of His glory, to be strengthened with power through His Spirit in the inner man; so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith; and that you, being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth, and to know the love of Christ which surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled up to all the fullness of God."
If we are simply studying God's Word for intellectual reasons and not seeking to grow in our love for God and others, {Mr 12:29-31} we are becoming arrogant (1Cor 8:1). The apostle Paul, who knew more theology than any other man on earth (2Cor 12:1-4), expressed his greatest desire in saying, "that I may know Him". {Php 3:10} Paul, as a Pharisee, had already been on an intellectual quest, but, as a Christian, began a quest for a vital relationship with the Living God.
Look for God's promises, and trust them, so that you might "grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ". {2Pe 3:18}
2. HOW THEN SHALL WE LIVE?
Once we come to understand the meaning of the verses we are studying, we must seek to understand how it applies to everyday life. We are given a beautiful example of this concept in Hebrews 12:1-3. Read the first two verses:
"Therefore, since we have so great a cloud of witnesses surrounding us, let us also lay aside every encumbrance, and the sin which so easily entangles us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, fixing our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who for the joy set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God."
The illustration the writer of Hebrews chose in these two verses is that of running a race. People in the stands are watching (the heroes of Chapter 11). The race is for speed and distance, and to the victor goes the seat of honor. The contestant removes any additional weight that would slow him down, or any obstacles that could trip him up. His eyes are on the finish line, where the One (Jesus Christ) who has already run His race, and won, stands. Potential joy becomes more important than any fatigue experienced, so the runner endures.
The writer then applies these two verses to our lives in verse three. He writes:
"For consider Him who has endured such hostility by sinners against Himself, so that you may not grow weary and lose heart."
When we face trials and opposition, pain and sorrow, shame and disgrace for the cause of Christ, we are to consider our Leader and be encouraged by Him! Realize that, "we do not have a great high priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who has been tempted in all things as we are, yet without sin". {Heb 4:15}
3. WHERE ARE WE GOING NEXT IN OUR STUDY?
Beginning with the next section, we will take a simple look at principles we ought to keep in mind while studying the Bible. These foundational principles of interpretation have been revealed by the Holy Spirit Himself through the written Word. They are principles that we are to pass on from one generation to the next {2Ti 2:2} so that we all might grow in all respects in our Lord. {Eph 4:11-16}
Let God's Word make a difference in your life.
QUESTIONS FOR PERSONAL STUDY
- Why is it important to ask questions of God's Word?
- Write from memory the six basic questions for every verse that we are to ask.
- Write from memory the two important personal questions.
1 Read 1 Peter 5:1-4 and then answer all the questions posed in this
lesson.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Section II -- Basic Principles of Interpretation
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Section II -- Basic Principles of Interpretation
Lesson 1 -- Principle One – Interpret Based on Divine Essence
This principle recognizes the basic characteristics of God's essence, also known as His attributes, as vitally important to correct interpretation. His essence is never compromised, nor inconsistent with itself. This principle is based on the fact that the more we fully appreciate the awesome nature of God, {Php 3:10} the more skilled we will be in understanding what He has to say.
The fact that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit all possess the same essence is Biblical proof of the Trinity. The term "Trinity" refers to the fact that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three manifestations of one God. They have basically three roles. The Father is the Planner (Acts 2:23), the Son is the Agent (John 5:36), and the Holy Spirit is the Revealer (John 16:13). While we may study their different roles, we must not seek to divide the Trinity. There is only One God (Deut 6:4); since the Father, Son and Holy Spirit all share the characteristics that only God can possess, they are all God, and are One.
We will analyze the Trinity in much more detail in later lessons.
TEN CHARACTERISTICS OF DIVINE ESSENCE:
In this lesson, the first bracket () will denote the verses that refer to God the Father, the second <>, the verses for the Son, and the third [], the Holy Spirit.
- SOVEREIGNTY.
God is SOVEREIGN, meaning that He is King and acts accordingly., {Da 4:17; 1Ti 1:17; Ps 47:2,7} <Rev 19:16; John 5:21>, [Zech 4:6; 1Pe 4:14; 1Cor 12:11].
Sovereignty is the exercise of supreme authority within a limited sphere. God, free from external control, is the supreme authority over all creation. He is the Creator, not the created. {Ro 1:20,25}
God has the authority to establish His own plan, His own laws, and His own judgments. In short, He has the authority to act as He chooses to act, although His purposes may be hard to understand.
- RIGHTEOUSNESS.
God is absolute righteousness, meaning that He is perfect in every way. (John 17:25; 1John 1:5), <1John 2:1; Luke 1:35 Heb 7:26>, {Isa 32:15-18; Ps 143:10 Ne 9:20} He is the standard of righteousness in every regard. He is morally complete, setting the standard we are to imitate. {Eph 5:1}
- JUSTICE.
God is JUST. He is totally and completely fair., {Isa 45:21 Job 37:23} <John 5:22,30; Rev 19:11>, {Isa 4:4 28:6} God's justice is a response to the demands of His righteousness. God is not a "respecter of persons", {Ro 2:11} He shows no partiality. Where sin, which is a violation of His law, occurs, {Ro 5:13} His Justice must be satisfied.
Man is not able to satisfy the righteousness of God, and therefore needs a Messiah who can "propitiate" (appease) the Justice of God. This "propitiation" was accomplished by the Lord Jesus Christ on the cross when He died to pay for the sins of the whole world (1John 2:1-2).
- LOVE.
God is LOVE, meaning that perfect and unconditional love is found in Him. (1 John 4:8-10 Tit 3:4; John 17:24-26), <John 15:9>, {Ga 5:22}
This characteristic of God is the basis for sending Jesus Christ to redeem mankind (John 3:16). Love is what kept the Lord on the cross to pay for our sins <Luke 23:34>; and it is the first element in the "fruit" of the Holy Spirit. {Ga 5:22}
Love means doing what is right and best for others, even if doing so is accompanied with unpleasant feelings. Christians are to partake of God's love and spread it to others so that all might come to know God (John 13:34-35).
- ETERNAL LIFE.
God is ETERNAL LIFE. He always has been and always will be., {Isa 57:15} <John 8:58; 1 John 5:11-12 Mic 5:2; Rev 1:8,17>, {Heb 9:14}
Eternal life has no beginning or end. We as Christians actually possess everlasting life, which has a beginning point, but no end. God's Eternal Life teaches that He is not ever subject to death.
- OMNIPOTENT - ALL POWERFUL.
God is OMNIPOTENT, meaning that He has the power to do anything., {Mr 14:36 1Pe 1:5} <Matt 28:18; Rev 19:6>, {2Ti 1:7 Ro 15:13}
An example of His Omnipotence is found in the creation of the heavens and earth (Gen 1:1). We are told that the "word of His mouth," created the heavens, and His "breath," all their hosts. {Ps 33:6}
- OMNIPRESENT - AT ALL PLACES.
God is OMNIPRESENT, meaning that He is everywhere at the same time with the same intensity. (Prov 15:3; 2Chr 2:6), <Matt 18:20; 28:20>, {Ps 139:7-16} This does not mean that God is everything (Pantheism), but that He is everywhere. This concept shows us the personal nature of God.
We also see from this characteristic that God is in all places at the same intensity. {Ps 139:7-17} The fact that He is Omnipresent means that He could manifest Himself at more than one place at the same time.
- OMNISCIENT - ALL KNOWING.
God is OMNISCIENT. He knows everything: past, present and future., {Ps 139:1-6 Heb 4:13} <John 2:24-25; 18:4; Matt 9:4>, [1Cor 2:10-11 Isa 11:2].
He knows the outcome of all things; not only the actualities, but all the possibilities. He knows all of the effects, throughout all of time, that each decision will bring. His eternal plan has considered all of these factors. {Ro 8:28-30}
- IMMUTABLE - UNCHANGING.
God is IMMUTABLE, meaning that the aspects of His Essence never change., {James 1:17 Heb 6:17 Mal 3:6} {Heb 13:8} [1Cor 12:4; Eph 1:13].
This characteristic is beneficial to mankind since God must always do what He promises. He will not change His mind; since He said, "There is no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus", {Ro 8:1} we can be fully confident that He will not change His mind. He promised eternal life to those who trust in Jesus Christ, therefore, we know that He will not amend this gospel (John 3:16). If God did alter His promises, then He would be a liar, thus unrighteous. {Heb 6:17-18}
Everything else in the universe is changing. God is the only constant. This is why hope in him can be an "anchor" for our souls. {Heb 6:19}
- TRUTHFUL.
God is absolute TRUTH. (Deut 32:4; John 7:28; 17:3), <John 14:6; 1 John 5:20>, [1John 5:7,8; 4:6; John 14:17; 15:26; 16:13].
This characteristic tells us that everything God utters is totally believable (Num 23:19). It is in fact impossible for God to lie. {Tit 1:2}
The Truth is that God manifested Himself in the person of Jesus Christ <John 14:6>. Throughout history truth has been sought simply in the form of an idea (what one thinks may be truth), a statement (what one claims to be truth), or a principle (a fundamental belief). This is why anything that mankind deems to be truth, must be compared with the words of Jesus Christ. {1Ti 6:3}
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
- Explain in your own words the Biblical proof of the Trinity.
- Does any part of creation possess all of these attributes?
- Memorize the ten attributes of God discussed in this lesson.
- Read John 3 and identify as many of these attributes as you are able.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 2 -- Principle Two – Interpret Christologically
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Lesson 2 -- Principle Two – Interpret Christologically
In order to interpret Christologically, we must realize that all of history is focused around Jesus Christ. This principle recognizes that Jesus Christ is the Creator of all things, {John 1:1,3,14 Col 1:16-17} the Alpha and Omega - "the beginning and end" (Rev 1:8), the one and only God who became man. {Php 2:6-8}
As we seek to understand God's Word, we must determine how our interpretation of a given passage conforms to the Truth of the Lord Jesus Christ. One way to do this is to determine what each person, place, thing or event in Scripture teaches us about our Lord. We are encouraged to study and look for "the good things," the real truth, our Lord Jesus Christ; not just to look to the old Law, which was merely a "shadow" of these good things. {Heb 10:1,Joh 14:6} All of the people, places and events in the Old Testament were placed there by God as examples to help us understand and learn about Him (1Cor 10:1-6).
An example of a person teaching us about the Lord would be found in the prophet Jonah. As you may remember, Jonah did not want to go to the Assyrians as he had been commanded by God. Instead, he got on a ship and went in another direction. A storm occurred and Jonah was thrown overboard where he was swallowed by a great fish and three days later vomited up on an Assyrian beach where he then decided to comply with God's commands. The three days and nights came to be the 'sign of the prophet Jonah' (Matt 12:39-40) which spoke of the time that Jesus would be in the tomb.
A place can also teach us about the Lord. Jesus was to be born in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2) which means 'house of bread.' Jesus was indeed bread, that came down out of heaven and the Person who would sustain spiritual life (John 6:35).
There are many things which are directly designed to teach us about the Lord. The Tabernacle and Temple fall into this category. If we just consider the Holy Place where the Table of Shewbread, the Golden Lampstand, and the golden Altar of Incense were located, we can easily determine that they represent Jesus. Again, He is the Bread (John 6:35). He is also the 'Light of the world' (John 8:12) and the One who hears our prayers (incense represents the prayers of the saints {Rev 8:3-4} and prayer is a 'sacrifice'). {Heb 13:15-16}
Events like the offerings made by the Levitical priests also teach us about the Lord. All of the offerings (described in Lev 1-7) were designed to point us to Jesus as the 'one offering for all time'. {Heb 10:10-12} He indeed was the 'lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world' (John 1:29).
The student can also look at the main themes of each book in the Bible and see that Jesus Christ is the main subject.
Genesis He is the Creator and Seed of the woman. (1:1; 3:15)
Exodus He is the Lamb of God slain for sinners. (Ch. 12)
Leviticus He is our High Priest. (entire book)
Numbers He is the Star out of Jacob. (24:17)
Deuteronomy He is the Prophet like unto Moses. (18:15)
Joshua He is the Captain of the Lord's Hosts. (5:13-15)
Judges He is The Judge. (11:27)
Ruth He is our Kinsman Redeemer. (Ch. 3)
Samuel He is the Lord of Kings. {2Sa 7:18-20}
Kings/Chronicles He is the Lord of Heaven and Earth. (Entire books)
Ezra He is the Restorer. (1:1)
Nehemiah He is Faithful. (9:32)
Esther He is our Mordecai. (Ch. 10)
Job He is our Risen and Returning Redeemer. (19:25)
Psalms He is the Blessed Man of 1.
He is the Son of God of 2.
He is the Crucified One of 22.
He is the Risen One of 23.
He is the Coming One of 24.
He is the Reigning One of 72.
He is the Leader of Praise of 150.
Proverbs He is our Wisdom. (Ch. 4)
Ecclesiastes He is the Forgotten Wise Man. (9:14-15)
Song of Solomon He is "my Beloved." (2:16)
Isaiah He is our Suffering Substitute. (53)
Jeremiah He is the Lord our Righteousness. (23:6)
Lamentations He is the Man of Sorrows. (1:12-18)
Ezekiel He is the Throne Sitter. (1:26)
Daniel He is the Smiting Stone. (2:34)
Hosea He is David's Greater King. (3:5)
Joel He is the Lord of Bounty. (2:18-19)
Amos He is the Rescuer of Israel. (3:12)
Obadiah He is the Deliverer upon Mount Zion. (V17)
Jonah He is the Buried and Risen Savior. (Entire book)
Micah He is the Everlasting God. (5:2)
Nahum He is our Stronghold in the Day of Wrath. (1:7)
Habakkuk He is the Anchor of our Faith. (2:4)
Zephaniah He is in the Midst for Judgment and Cleansing. (3:5,15)
Haggai He is the Smiting Shepherd. (2:17)
Zechariah He is the Branch. (3:8)
Malachi He is the Sun of Righteousness. (4:2)
Matthew He is the King of the Jews. (2:1)
Mark He is the Servant of Jehovah. (Entire book)
Luke He is the Perfect Son of Man. (3:38; 4:1-13)
John He is the Son of God. (1:1)
Acts He is the Ascended Lord. (1:8-9)
Romans He is our Righteousness. (3:22)
1 Corinthians He is the First-Fruits from the dead. (15:20)
2 Corinthians He is made Sin for us. (5:21)
Galatians He is the End of the Law. (3:10,13)
Ephesians He is our Armor. (6:11-18)
Philippians He is the Supplier of Every Need. (4:19)
Colossians He is the Preeminent One. (1:18)
1 Thessalonians He is our Returning Lord. (4:15-18)
2 Thessalonians He is the World's Returning Judge. (1:7-9)
1 Timothy He is the Mediator. (2:5)
2 Timothy He is the Bestower of Crowns. (4:8)
Titus He is our Great God and Savior. (2:13)
Philemon He is the Prisoner's Partner. (1:9)
Hebrews He is the Rest of Faith and Fulfiller of Types. (9-11)
James He is Lord of Sabaoth. (5:4)
1 Peter He is the Theme of Old Testament Prophecy. (1:10-11)
2 Peter He is the Long Suffering Savior. (3:9)
1 John He is the Word of Life. (1:1)
2 John He is the Target of the Antichrist. (1:7)
3 John He is the Personification of Truth. (1:3-4)
Jude He is the Believer's Security. (1:24-25)
Revelation He is the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. (19:11-16)
(The above adapted from R.T. Ketcham, DD; found in J. Edwin Hartill's Principles of Biblical Hermeneutics)
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
- Read Psalm 22 and Matt 27:45-46. Describe how David represented Jesus Christ. (Person)
- Read Exodus 1 and Matt 2:13-20. Describe the significance of Egypt in the life of Christ. (Place)
- Read Exodus 26:31-35 and Hebrews 10:20. Describe how the veil of the Tabernacle represents Jesus. (Thing)
- Read Genesis 22 and Hebrews 11:17-19. Show the similarities between the sacrifice of Isaac and the sacrifice of Jesus. (Event)
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 3 -- Principle Three – Interpret the Differences
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Lesson 3 -- Principle Three – Interpret the Differences
This principle instructs us to consider differences where God establishes them. In other words, we are to recognize the Biblical difference between such concepts as faith and works, salvation and sin, law and grace, and many others. The Bible makes many distinctions. Our challenge is to realize these differences in our interpretation.
An example of realizing differences is exemplified in the study of faith and works. We are told in Ephesians 2:8-10:
"For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not as a result of works, lest anyone should boast. For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them."
Clearly salvation is by grace through faith, not of works. Yet the importance of works is not negated. Works are not meant for salvation, but are important to the Christian life.
Faith has no merit in itself, because all the merit is found in the object of the faith. For one to have faith in faith is actually to have trust in oneself. We know that we all have sin and thus trusting ourselves is really not a wise choice of objects. {Ro 3:23}
If a heavy adult were going to swing from cliff to cliff over a large hole and someone handed him a small piece of twine that is attached to a small branch, it would be difficult to have faith because there would not be sufficient merit in the object. However, if a strong rope were attached to a large branch, the faith would be easier to have because there is sufficient merit in the object.
Jesus Christ, who bore our sins in His body on the cross and rose from the dead, has more than sufficient merit to be the object of our faith.
Works involve actions that are good in their very nature, such as helping the poor. {Ga 2:10} But, even good actions will not save us. {Tit 3:5} Works are designed by God to be a display of our faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. In fact, we will give an account for the works we have done in the name of Jesus Christ, and we will be rewarded for them accordingly (2Cor 5:10). Works should be done out of thanksgiving for what the Lord has done for us. They should not be done with an attitude toward personal gain.
Another difference we might consider is between the security of the Believer's salvation and the reality of sin in his life.
We are told that the Lord did the greatest work for us when He died to save us even while we were His enemies. Should we expect any less of Him now that we are members of His family? {Ro 5:6-10}
The Bible makes it clear that Believers can and do sin after they are saved.
"If we say that we have no sin, we are deceiving ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say that we have not sinned, we make Him a liar, and His word is not in us" (1 John 1:8-10).
It should be clear that this passage refers to Believers. We do not have to read very far in the New Testament to discover the warnings to Believers against our tendency to sin. The question arises, do we as Believers lose our salvation when involved in sin, or not?
In the book of Romans, as well as many other books of the Bible, salvation is attested to be an eternal fact. Paul said, "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death". {Ro 8:1-2} The Corinthian church became heavily involved in a multitude of sins. Paul called them "fleshly" (1 Cor 3:1-2), but never referred to them as "unsaved." He even refers to them as a "church" composed of "saints" (1Cor 1:2).
Clearly, Christians may fall into sinful lifestyles. Equally clear is that our salvation cannot be lost: "If we are faithless, He remains faithful". {2Ti 2:13}
A Christian's sinful lifestyle is certainly not without repercussions (consequences). It leads to loss of rewards: "if we deny Him, He also will deny us". {2Ti 2:12} The immediate context confirms that we will not reign with Him, if we deny Him.
From these two illustrations, we can begin to see certain differences that God has established within His Word. We will spend a lifetime discovering them and seeking to understand the relationships between the various concepts involved with them.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
- What are some other differences that come to mind?
- Select one of them and seek to determine why it is Biblically different.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 4 -- Principle Four – Interpret to Find Out How to Live
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Lesson 4 -- Principle Four – Interpret to Find Out How to Live
This principle comes from a direct statement of Jesus Christ found in John 7:17. If we truly want to "know" God's Word, then we must be willing to "do" His Word. This principle encompasses the necessity of intellectual honesty in the study of God's Word. We must seek to set aside our bias and our preconceived ideas and honestly seek illumination from the Spirit of God (1Cor 2:14). Applying this principle involves personal soul searching, for example, to evaluate the purity of our motives (2Cor 13:5).
It is easy for us to hold personal bias, or form unwarranted opinions, and then go searching for a Biblical proof of them. However, that approach can "prove" almost anything, because it makes us blind to passages that could lead in other directions, or to passages that urge us to seek balance.
For example, one might look at King David's actions concerning Bathsheba, the wife of one of his most loyal warriors. {2Sa 11} Some people might try to use that passage to prove that it is acceptable for a person in power to commit murder and adultery. One simply needs to read the next chapter and compare it with the "Ten Commandments" {Ex 20:1-17} to determine that murder and adultery are not an acceptable lifestyle to our God. David was retained as king because of God's grace displayed toward David's repentance. {Ps 51}
Proper application of God's Word has to come from proper interpretation. There may be many applications, but there is only one correct interpretation of any particular verse. For example, 1 Timothy 3:1-7 gives the qualifications for an "overseer" in the church. The interpretation concerns real requirements for one who is to hold that position. The application considers that the "overseer" should not be a "new convert," and that the listed qualifications represent qualities of maturity, which should be the objective for all men in the church, especially its leaders.
SIX HINDRANCES TO PROPER INTERPRETATION:
There can be many hindrances to the proper interpretation of God's Word. We will examine six of them that lead to mistakes in interpretation. Remember that no one is immune from mistakes. It is wise, in addition, to remember the admonition from Paul found in 1 Corinthians 10:12, "Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall."
1 CARNALITY.
The first hindrance to proper interpretation is Carnality. Carnality involves an ongoing sinful lifestyle and is often referred to as "fleshly" (1 Cor 3:3). It means that the Believer has chosen to pursue sin through "deeds of the flesh" rather than be led by the Holy Spirit and see His fruit. {Ga 5:19-23} This is life with unconfessed sin (1 John 1:9) and lack of repentance (2 Cor 12:21).
If one who studies God's Word is involved in deeds of the flesh - immorality, impurity, sensuality, idolatry, sorcery, enmities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, disputes, dissensions, factions, envy, drunkenness, carousing and things like these {Ga 5:19-21} - then his interpretation will surely be flawed. For instance, a teacher who is involved in sexual immorality would clearly have the tendency to distort passages that deal with that subject.
Since truth is revealed by the Holy Spirit (John 16:13) and the "fleshly" man has chosen to pursue a path of life apart from the leading of the Holy Spirit (if even for a short period of time), the "fleshly" man will get a distorted understanding of truth since he is not "spiritually appraising" the Word.
The "fleshly" man is similar to the "natural man" (1Cor 2:14), but slightly different. The "natural man" refers to an unbeliever who, "does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually appraised" (1Cor 2:14). The "natural man" does not have access to the Spirit while the "fleshly/carnal" man is not in fellowship with the Spirit. Neither will be able to correctly understand God's Word.
2 VANITY.
Vanity is the quest for fame or recognition, found in the one who desires the applause of men. Vanity can also directly lead to improper interpretation. We are warned in Proverbs 16:18: "Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before stumbling." This is good advice for the interpreter.
While it is true that we should diligently study God's Word, it is also true that we must "handle it accurately". {2Ti 2:15} Our study must be guided by our love for the Lord and others, {Mr 12:29-31} not a desire to be recognized for our insightful pondering. Learning something "new," which expands our personal understanding is necessary to spiritual growth, but if we search God's Word for new information to impress others, we are searching in vain because our motives are not pure.
We should not be so proud of our "method" of study that we think it guarantees accurate interpretation, lest we forget the primary role of the Holy Spirit in understanding God's Word.
3 BIAS.
The third hindrance to proper interpretation is personal bias. Bias is a prejudice based on individual preferences and it basically distorts the text with a negative attitude: "I don't want something to be this way." If such an attitude is strong enough, it may distort portions of God's Word.
Sadly, some have used their own personal prejudices in an attempt to justify with God's Word such horrific attitudes like racism - even though the Bible is clearly against it.
"For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise". {Ga 3:27-29}
If God were prejudiced, then no Gentiles (non-Jews) would be saved.
4 LACK OF CONSISTENCY.
When we try to interpret God's Word, but are not consistent in several "SPIRITUAL" practices, we can succumb to incorrect interpretations.
The Practice of Consistent Self-Evaluation and Confession:
We are told in 2 Corinthians 13:5 to, "Test yourselves to see if you are in the faith; examine yourselves!" We are to place not only our actions but our motives before the Lord for comparison with His standards. When we find that we have failed, we must place the failure before the Lord and be cleansed. 1 John 1:9 reads, "If we confess our sins, He [God] is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness."
Failure to carry out this practice leads to carnality, which produces distortion and error in the interpretation of God's Word.
The Practice of Consistent Prayer:
We are told in Matthew 7:7-8, "Ask, and it shall be given to you; seek, and you shall find; knock, and it shall be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it shall be opened." We should consistently pray for understanding and retention of God's Word.
Failure to carry out this practice leads to a break in fellowship with God the Father, whose Word you are trying to interpret.
The Practice of Consistent Study
We are told in 2 Timothy 2:15 that an important part of handling accurately the Word of God is diligence: "Be diligent to present yourself approved to God as a workman who does not need to be ashamed, handling accurately the word of truth."
A lack of consistency in Bible study will lead to failures in keeping track of the context within which the specific verse is located.
5. FAULTY METHODOLOGY.
Our method of interpretation can also hinder accuracy. Our basic beliefs about the text will certainly affect the way we understand it. For instance if we don't believe that all of the Bible is inspired by God, {2Ti 3:16-17} then we might try to rationalize miraculous events with scientific reasoning. If we do believe that the entire Bible is literally true, then miracles must be interpreted as divine interventions in history.
There are some who believe that only certain Christians have been given the gift of interpreting God's Word. However, the Bible says that all Believers are priests. {1Pe 2:5,9} As priests we have access into the throne room of God, {Heb 4:16} where we can be taught directly by God the Holy Spirit (1 Cor 2:15).
Others distort the Bible with allegorical or mythological interpretations of passages that ought to be taken literally. Allegory refers to the insertion of foreign meaning into the text. If we claim the Flood of Noah was not literally a global worldwide catastrophe (flood), but instead a picture of the sufferings that mankind must endure, then we would be guilty of interpreting allegorically.
Mythology refers to narratives with a small amount of truth and a large amount of exaggeration. If we view the Flood of Noah as only a small, localized flood that was later exaggerated by the local inhabitants into a global disaster, we would be interpreting mythologically. One could say that in mythology there is a small amount of truth surrounded by a lot of lies.
Some even go so far as to apply allegorical and mythological interpretations to Jesus Christ, the Cross, and the Resurrection. If such interpretations were true, then Jesus did not really die for our sins, nor was he buried, nor resurrected for our redemption. According to the apostle Paul, we are in serious trouble if these events did not literally happen (1 Cor 15).
A purely literal method that does not consider figures of speech can also hinder interpretation. For example, the book entitled Song of Solomon is an extraordinary literary work, which interpreted literally makes absolutely no sense at all. Accordingly, the correct method involves a literal interpretation that recognizes figures of speech and typological language. We will discuss this more fully in Lesson 9, Section II.
6. FAULTY REASONING.
Human reasoning can never fully comprehend the infinite God. If we could completely understand God through human faculties, we would certainly become arrogant. We are told in Proverbs 3:5-7 to, "Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight. Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the Lord and turn away from evil." God wants us to walk by faith, and not by our own understanding.
We have been promised that one day we will fully comprehend our Lord. Paul wrote in 1Corinthians 13:12, "For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now I know in part, but then I shall know fully, just as I also have been fully known." All the unanswered questions about Scripture that we now have will one day be answered when we are face to face with our Lord (2 Cor 3:18).
The Jews of the first century had some problems relying on their ability to reason, which contributed to the tragic error of not recognizing Jesus as the Messiah. Consider the conversation between Jesus and the Pharisees recorded in Matthew 22:41-46:
"Now while the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them a question, saying, 'What do you think about the Christ, whose son is He?' They said to Him, 'The son of David.' He said to them, 'Then how does David in the Spirit call Him "Lord," saying, The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at My right hand, until I put Thine enemies beneath Thy feet"'? 'If David then calls Him "Lord," how is He his son?' And no one was able to answer Him a word, nor did anyone dare from that day on to ask Him another question."
Jesus quoted Psalm 110:1, asking the Pharisees how the Messiah can be David's "son," and simultaneously be David's "Lord." The answer is that the Messiah is both God and man; such reasoning seems to be contradictory, doesn't it?
FIVE STEPS TO A PROPER APPLICATION:
Pray for understanding, recollection, and proper application of spiritual principle(s)
Seek to correctly and fully understand the passage being considered. This involves studying the relationships that words have to sentences, sentences have to paragraphs, paragraphs have to chapters, and chapters have to books. This step will be examined in much greater detail later in the study.
Determine the spiritual principle that comes from the interpretation of a particular passage. A spiritual principle crosses all time frames and cultures. For example, sexual immorality (a physical relationship outside of marriage) is sin in all time frames and cultures. The spiritual principle is to avoid sexual immorality.
Honestly examine your life to see if you are in violation of any principle of scripture, and submit yourself to God for correction of the wrongdoing. Read Psalm 51 and note the elements of David's repentance concerning his sin with Bathsheba.
Walk in grace and faith "As you therefore have received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in Him". {Col 2:6}
EIGHT WAYS TO FAIL THE APPLICATION:
Failure to rely on the Lord for the strength to carry out the application.
Resistance to changing attitudes or actions that conflict with God's truth.
Disobedience to the principles known to be correct.
Succumbing to the pressure of conforming to worldly standards.
Lack of interest in the application of God's Word to your life.
Redefining sin in such a way that it is legalistic or non-existent.
Substituting emotional feelings for wise choices.
Distortions of thinking due to prejudice, bias, or laziness.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
What is an important requirement for truly knowing God's Word?
What is the difference between interpretation and application?
What things may hinder your personal ability to interpret the Bible?
What method of interpretation seems the most logical to you? Why?
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 5 -- Principle Five – Interpret from Primary Passages
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Lesson 5 -- Principle Five – Interpret from Primary Passages
This principle recognizes that certain passages are to be read as the primary declaration of God's attitude on a subject, that is vital to our spiritual life. Many times in the Bible, God gathers together several scattered fragments that have to do with a particular truth and places them in one of these primary passages. Some examples include:
o The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. 1Cor 15
o The Human Tongue. James 3
o The Restoration of Israel. Ro 11
o Triumphs of the Faith. Heb 11
o God's Discipline of His Children. Heb 12:1-11
o The Church. Eph 1-3
o Righteousness by Faith. Ro 3:10-21
o Law. Ex 20
o Full Armor of God. Eph 6:10-17
o Love. 1Cor 13
This principle requires us to study the primary passage of Scripture to determine major principles and then go to related passages for additional information.
For example, the most extensive discourse in the Bible on the qualities of love is found in 1Corinthians 13:4-8a, where there are sixteen qualities so full of meaning that we could easily spend a week in classroom instruction on these verses alone. Consider that:
"Love is patient, love is kind, and is not jealous; love does not brag and is not arrogant, does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never fails."
When we read Mr 12:29-31, we find that Jesus responded to a question concerning the greatest commandments:
"The foremost is, 'Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.' The second is this, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' There is no other commandment greater than these."
Since the Two Greatest Commandments involve the quality of love, seeking to know what love involves - so we can make correct evaluations of ourselves before God and others - is good common sense. The importance of love is found in Mr 12. Its manifestation is found in 1 Corinthians 13.
If you would like to test your application of "love" defined in the verses of 1 Corinthians 13, ask yourself these questions: "Am I patient?" "Am I kind?" "Am I jealous?"
Another example of this principle is found in the description of the 'full armor of God' Ephesians 6:10-17. This is the only place where all of the Believer's spiritual armor is mentioned together. The belt that one 'girds his loins with truth' is referred to in Isaiah 11:5. The 'Breastplate' and 'Helmet' are referred to in 1 Thessalonians 5:8. The 'Sword' as part of one's 'armor' is implied in Hebrews 4:12.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
1 Why would it be considered important to first study the primary passage about any topic?
2 Study 1 Corinthians 15 for information on the Resurrection and write down your observations.
3 Look at the following verses. Find the portions that relate to the Resurrection and add them to your observations from question #2.
Ro 4:24-25,6:4-9,7:4,8:11,33-34; 1Cor 6:14; 2Cor 1:8-10, 4:13-14,5:14-15, Eph 1:18-21,5:14-15, Col 2:9-12, 1Thess 1:9-10, 1Pe 1:20-21, Rev 20:4-6, 12-13.
4 Look for information that seems to conflict and note it.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 6 -- Principle Six – Interpret Based on Context
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Lesson 6 -- Principle Six – Interpret Based on Context
This principle is based on the fact that every word, sentence, or verse in the Bible has information preceding it and following it (except the very first and the very last word, sentence or verse). This principle pays careful attention to the physical location of each word and verse and the relationship to other words and verses. God sheds light upon a subject either through passages that are nearby - that establish the theme for that section - or through passages that are similar in subject in another part of the Bible.
We should never take a verse out of its contextual setting and give it a foreign meaning. Using verses out of context is a deceptive way to try to prove one's own ideas and promote personal agendas. This incorrect practice is a form of allegory, which we discussed in Section II Lesson 4.
Contextual interpretation basically means that readers determine who is speaking, who is the audience, what is the main theme of the passage, and in what time frame and place the teachings are valid. (The student may need to review Section I Lesson 5, "Preparing To Study The Bible.")
THREE TYPES OF CONTEXT:
1. THE NEAR CONTEXT.
The Near Context includes verses within the same paragraph. For example, Galatians 5:1 tells us, "It was for freedom that Christ set us free; therefore keep standing firm and do not be subject again to a yoke of slavery." We might have a tendency to apply the term "slavery" to a particular culture in a particular place and time, since "slavery" frequently refers to being physically under the domination of a person or political entity. In context, however, we see that this verse refers to a kind of slavery that is spiritual. The passage refers to those who are enslaved by the rituals of The Law - specifically circumcision - and are not "free" to "serve one another in love". {Ga 5:13}
2. THE INTERMEDIATE CONTEXT.
The Intermediate Context includes those verses found within the same book. An example of this is found in Matthew 24:40, which says, "Then there shall be two men in the field; one will be taken, and one will be left." The context concerns the subject of the "last days." The question involves who will be taken and who will be left behind? Will the righteous be taken and the wicked left, as at the Rapture of the Church; or will the wicked be taken and the righteous be left, as at the Second Advent when Christ establishes His literal Millennial Kingdom? The Near Context does not answer the question.
Matthew 13:49, however, gives the answer. In a passage also dealing with the "last days," we are told that the "wicked will be taken out from among the righteous." Thus the Intermediate Context has answered the question of who will be taken and who will be left behind. The passage is referring to the Second Advent.
This Intermediate Context informs us of the importance of studying verse by verse through a book in order to understand and maintain the context. If a student went first to Matthew 24, the answer to the above question would be difficult to find. But, if the student had read the entire book up to Matthew 24, the answer would have already been given.
3. THE REMOTE CONTEXT.
The Remote Context recognizes the internal consistency of the Word of God. It includes passages from the whole of the Bible that have a bearing on a particular passage under consideration.
A study of the Remote Context considers that a passage might be clarified by another distant portion of the Bible. Studies of a selected word, such as "grace," "faith," or "love," by means of a concordance, for example, lead to other, more remote passages containing that particular word. A concordance is a book that lists - by individual word -verses in which a given word may be found. An "exhaustive" concordance will give a list of every verse containing that word. See Lesson 5, Section III for more information about concordances.
Often times the Remote Context must be consulted for more advanced principles, such as the interpretation of prophecy, or the understanding of "types" and "symbols." For example, the Veil in the Tabernacle, {Ex 26:31-35} which separated the Holy Place from the Holy of Holies, is interpreted for us in Hebrews 10:20 to have represented the flesh of the Lord Jesus Christ.
Interpreting contextually is extremely important in our quest to "handle accurately the word of truth". {2Ti 2:15} When we make "doctrinal" statements, we must be able to prove them from Scripture to demonstrate that the Bible is harmonious in terms of its Near, Immediate and Remote Contexts. If our beliefs are not in harmony with all of Scripture, then the "doctrine" resulting from our study is questionable.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
What is meant by "context"?
What are the three different kinds of context that we are to consider?
Will God's Truth violate any of those contexts?
Why would you never want to take a verse out of its context?
List as many qualities as you can find of a "model" or "example" church in 1 Thessalonians 1.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 7 -- Principle Seven - Interpret Comparatively
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Lesson 7 -- Principle Seven - Interpret Comparatively
This principle of comparative interpretation focuses on the internal consistency of the Word of God, pointing us to the importance of comparing Scripture with Scripture to analyze similarities in subject matter, so that we might arrive at correct meanings.
It is important to compare subjects similar to one another, such as grace and mercy, and also subjects very different from one another, such as God and Satan. When we compare similarities and differences of subjects in remote contexts, we put together a picture that has been cut into pieces - sometimes a great number of pieces. Theology is developed by putting these pieces together.
Not only the novice, {1Ti 3:6} but also the experienced interpreter must be careful in the development of theology (Prov 3:5-6), realizing that important details within the 31,000+ verses of Scripture may have been overlooked. The sheer volume of material we are trying to understand should keep us aware of the potential for error, and therefore keep us humble.
As we compare Scripture with Scripture, we come to find out that a given theological issue is considered in many parts of the Bible. One example is the issue of "Justification by Faith" (Gen 15:6; Rom 3-4). When we find a contrasting passage that speaks of a "Justification by Works," such as found in James 2:14-26, we must consider both passages. When we put both passages together, we understand "works" as necessary in the plan of God, as an outgrowth of the faith that led to salvation, but not as a means to acquire salvation. This principle is also taught in Ephesians 2:8-10. We are "saved by grace through faith," and have been "created for good works."
This same principle teaches us to beware of building theology or doctrine on passages or textual readings of questionable intent. For example, the Greek text from Mr 16:9 to the end of the book is very uncertain. Some people have built doctrine on these passages, which has resulted in erroneous theology.
Another example of the importance of comparing Scripture with Scripture is seen in the identification of the "mystery" (namely, something unknown) which is referred to many times in the New Testament. Normally, if we were studying Ephesians 3 and ran into the word "mystery" we would try to answer the question, "what is the mystery?" Our answer, however, is found in Colossians 1:25-27, which says:
"Of this church I was made a minister according to the stewardship from God bestowed on me for your benefit, that I might fully carry out the preaching of the word of God; that is, the mystery which has been hidden from the past ages and generations; but has now been manifested to His saints, to whom God willed to make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory."
The "mystery" is identified by Scripture as a new intimate relationship with the Messiah. This relationship is for the new era known as the Church Age.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Why is it important to compare Scripture with Scripture?
What is important to note about major theological issues?
List some similar subjects you would like to compare.
List some different subjects you would like to consider.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 8 -- Principle Eight – Interpret Harmoniously
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Lesson 8 -- Principle Eight – Interpret Harmoniously
This principle recognizes the truthfulness and faithfulness of God, that He is not the author of confusion (1Cor 14:33). In other words there are no real contradictions in the Bible. The Bible is unified, framed and inspired by the Living God, thus all its components are consistent.
Disagreements concerning interpretations of Scripture are human in scope, not Divine. Many people base their emotional security on their own understanding of God's Word, but Scripture warns us against doing this (John 5:37; Prov 3:5-6; 2Cor 5:7). We will never understand some things in the Bible clearly or completely until such time as we meet the Lord face to face (1Cor 13:12). So, the issue for us is always that we walk by faith, {Heb 11:6 Col 2:6} trusting God to lead us to our heavenly home.
When we come to understand how two seemingly contradictory verses actually complement one another, we gain wisdom. We are told in the first part of the book of Proverbs that when we learn to understand difficult statements and riddles, we become wise (Prov 1:2-6). This requires diligent study. For example, as we have already discussed, we must consider James 2, and the passage of Romans 3-4 to understand correctly the relationship between faith and works.
When looking for relationships between passages, we should be aware of indicators for time or place, realizing that every small detail may not have been written down, or that a problem may exist in the translation. Regardless, we must keep in mind that there are no true contradictions found in God's Word.
We should also realize that God's Word frequently states the same principle in different ways so that what is important might be more fully grasped. For example, Romans 3:23 says, "all have sinned..." likewise, the book of Leviticus commands all to bring sin offerings. Both passages essentially say the same thing.
What also becomes quite clear from the study of the Bible is that God directed the literary structure of His Word and its organization.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Why do we need to recognize the harmony of Scripture?
Why is it important to find the harmony?
Do you expect to find any real contradictions in Scripture?
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 9 -- Principle Nine – Interpret Literally
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Lesson 9 -- Principle Nine – Interpret Literally
This is the principle under which God says what He means and means what He says. This is an extremely important principle because it guides us in our understanding of the Word. When we instruct our own children, we try to communicate as clearly as possible the things we want them to remember. Often we'll discuss something in many different ways so that their little minds will grasp it and not lose hold. {Heb 1:1} Are we not God's children (1 John 3:1)? Is He not our "Daddy" ("ABBA" in Romans 8:15)? Literal interpretation means that we (as God's children) literally accept what God clearly says as the truth.
It makes sense to look in the Word for simple, clear, direct, and universal statements first. Obviously the clearer verses will shed light on passages that are unclear.
One example of a simple, clear, direct, and universal statement is found in Romans 8:1, which says, "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus." This verse is an accomplished fact. There are no uncertain words, such as "maybe," "might," or "if." Those who are "in Christ Jesus" are those who have received eternal life, according to Romans 6:23: "For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord." Those who are saved face no condemnation.
We find the same type of statement in Romans 3:23 which says, "for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God." The condition of sin, according to the Bible, is universal to mankind - with the exception of Jesus Christ. {1Pe 2:22} The Bible alone establishes the rule, thus, the Bible alone can offer the exception to the rule. We as students are not at liberty to make exceptions to the universal statements that God makes in His Word. Therefore, except for Jesus Christ, we are all sinners.
Automatically assuming "hidden" or "deeper" meanings of Scripture is irresponsible. As we have already discussed, an allegorical approach to Scripture tries to add to God's Word. A "mythological" approach tries to take away from God's Word. God has been careful to warn us against either (Rev 22:18-19), since they negate the importance of the literal meaning of God's Word.
The Bible is grounded in literal history and is thus significant to all of history (cf. 1 Cor 15). Failure to consider it literally has led to many theological distortions throughout the history of Israel and the Church.
Other examples of universal statements that we should remember are, Romans 8:35- 39, John 3:16,18,36, Ephesians 2:8-10, 1 John 2:1-2, and Tit 3:5.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Study the following verses and summarize the clear principle(s) that are taught in each.
Romans 8:35-39
John 3:16
John 3:18
John 3:36
Ephesians 2:8-10
1 John 2:1-2
Tit 3:5.
Begin a list of other verses you find of this nature. (They apply to anyone, anywhere, anytime. They cross all cultures and all time frames. You will continue to add to this list as you study the Word.)
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 11 -- Principle Eleven – Interpret Progressively
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Lesson 11 -- Principle Eleven – Interpret Progressively
This principle teaches us that God reveals information over a period of time. For example, the first prophecy of the Messiah, found in Genesis 3:15, is the promised seed of the woman. The Old Testament continues throughout its entirety to give more information about this "seed."
We are told that the Messiah would be of the seed of Abraham (Gen 12:3), of the seed of Isaac (Gen 21:12), of the seed of Jacob (Gen 35:10-12), of the tribe of Judah (Gen 49:8-11), of the line of Jesse, {Isa 11:1} and of the house of David. {2Sa 7:12-16} He would be born at Bethlehem. {Mic 5:2} He would be both God and man. {Ps 110:1} He would be called Immanuel. {Isa 7:14} He would be a prophet (Deut 18:18), a priest, {Ps 110:4} a judge, {Isa 33:22} and a king. {Jer 23:5} He would have a special anointing of the Holy Spirit, {Isa 11:2} and a zeal for the house of God. {Ps 69:9}
Revelations that are expanded over a period of time (like the one above) form what is called "Progressive Revelation." The general prophecy is made, then significant details concerning that prophecy are revealed over time.
Therefore, it makes sense to look at the first mention made of a given subject, letting it guide our understanding of subsequent occurrences of that same subject. For example, the business and subtlety of Satan are first seen in Genesis 3:1. As we learn more about this "serpent," we are guided by the fact that he is a deceiver who is the direct adversary of God. Satan does not change for the better throughout all of human history (Rev 12:9; 20:2-3,10). However, he has changed his methods over the course of time, but has never changed his attitude (Isa 14:12-14; Rev 12:9; 20:7-8), or his approach - arguing perpetually that becoming a god is within reach. This is made clear again when the 'man of lawlessness' takes his seat in the Temple during the Tribulation and proclaims himself to be a god (2Thes 2:4).
Many times we find that the universal truth about a given subject is taught in conjunction with its first mention. Moreover, several topics found throughout the Bible are first found in the Book of Genesis. Accordingly, a serious and detailed study of the Book of Genesis is important for the one who wants to interpret God's Word.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Read Genesis 1-12 and note how many different subjects are mentioned for the first time.
Select a major topic and trace it through the rest of Genesis.
If possible, trace it through the rest of the Bible.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 12 -- Principle Twelve – Interpret Dispensationally
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Lesson 12 -- Principle Twelve – Interpret Dispensationally
Dispensations are periods of history in which God establishes different responsibilities for His people. They are divisions of history which are categorized by these responsibilities. We are told in Hebrews 7:12, "For when the priesthood changes, of necessity there takes place a change of law also." This verse teaches us that God establishes different responsibilities at different periods of history.
There are four clear Dispensations since the fall of Adam:
The Age of the Gentiles from the fall of Adam to the Exodus from Egypt
This age is covered in Genesis and Job. It extends from approximately 3900 B.C. to 1445 B.C.
The Age of Israel from the Exodus to the Day of Pentecost;
The Age of Israel is found in all Old Testament books except for Genesis and Job. It also extends to all of the four Gospels and Acts 1. There exists in the Old Testament some passages that refer to the Millennial Age. Two examples are Isaiah 61-66 and Ezekiel 40-48.
The approximate dates of this age are from 1445 B.C. until 33 A.D. This Age will also include the time period from the Rapture of the Church until the Second Advent of Jesus Christ, period known as the 'Tribulation' or 'Daniel's 70th Week'. {Da 9:24-27}
The Age of the Church from the Day of Pentecost until the Rapture; (The Tribulation Period, which is the final seven years of the Age of Israel lasts from the Rapture to the Second Advent of Jesus Christ.)
The Church Age is covered in Acts 2-28, the Epistles and Revelation 2-3. The Tribulation period which completes the Age of Israel is found in Revelation 4- 19.
This age began in 33 A.D. and is not completed until the Rapture of the Church.
The Millennial Age from the Second Advent to the Great White Throne Judgment.
This age is covered in Revelation 20 and certain passages in the Old and New Testaments.
Dispensations are most clearly understood when we consider the different priesthoods that God has assigned to man. For example, before Israel became a nation right after the Exodus, mankind was in the "Age (or Dispensation) of the Gentiles." The priesthood of this Dispensation was conducted by the elders within one's own family and is called the "Family Priesthood." It was practiced by Noah (Gen 8:20), Abraham (Gen 22:2) and Job. {Job 1:5} The laws they were to follow were those "written in their hearts" {Ro 2:15} by God.
Shortly after the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt, the Age (or Dispensation) of Israel began and the tribe of Levi was called by God as a new and different priesthood which became known as the "Levitical Priesthood." This priesthood was based on genealogy and descended through the Aaronic line of the Tribe of Levi. The Levitical priesthood carried out its functions in the Tabernacle, and later in the Temple. Priests of that age were to offer animal sacrifices, to lead in worship, and to communicate God's Word, but by very specific methods given to Moses by God. As an additional note, it is both interesting and sad that these methods became so distorted by the time Jesus Christ was born that the ritual action itself had become more important than the reality of what it represented. {Heb 10:8} The laws they were to follow were recorded in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
After the Cross and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, on the Day of Pentecost, God began a new age or "dispensation." This is called the "Church Age" or "Dispensation of the Church." In this new Dispensation all those who believe in Jesus Christ become priests to God. {1Pe 2:5,9} These new "Believer- Priests" are not to offer animal sacrifices but are instead to "present their own bodies as living and holy sacrifices, acceptable to God, which is their spiritual service of worship". {Ro 12:1} During this Dispensation, the form of expression of the priesthood changed. However, the spiritual functions of the various priesthoods did not change. All offered sacrifices, led in praise and communicated God's Word. Dispensations are represented by the different forms or methods God prescribed to carry out His principles. The Dispensation of the Church is to follow the "Law of Liberty" (James 1:25; 2:12) ''in the sphere of love". {Ro 13:8-10 Ga 5:14 Jas 2:8}
The Millennial Age or Dispensation will have a new priesthood that is led by the Zadokite line of the Tribe of Levi. {Eze 40:46 43:19 44:15 48:11} The laws will be based on the "New Covenant to Israel" {Jer 31:31-33 Heb 8:8-10} and established by the Lord Jesus Christ Himself as He "rules all the nations with a rod of iron" (Rev 12:5).
The Dispensational Interpretation, therefore, recognizes changes in the forms or methods, but has its basis in principles that are spiritual in nature more than physical. For example, in our current Dispensation we do not need to offer animal sacrifices to our God as a memorial to the ultimate sacrifice of our Lord Jesus Christ. {Heb 10:10} Instead of offering animal sacrifices, the Church partakes of the Lord's Table as a memorial, a sacrifice of praise (1Cor 11:23-34). During the Millennial Age animal sacrifices will be reinstituted as another type of memorial to commemorate the finished work of Christ on the cross. {Eze 43:18-27}
The divisions of history are derived from an interpretative study of Scripture and are not rigidly set. There are several viewpoints as to the exact timing of the change from Dispensation to Dispensation. This does not negate the Dispensational Principle that God has different responsibilities for people at different points of history.
There is a modern-day trend toward "hyper-Dispensationalism," which seeks to put several small Dispensations within the larger framework. We must note that this trend lacks serious Scriptural backing. It can be easily used to promote personal bias and distort accurate interpretation.
Extreme rigidity in this principle can lead to legalism, and even failure at recognizing opportunities to serve in the Christian life. For example, finding no value for the Church in the Sermon on the Mount, because Jesus spoke the principles during the Age of Israel, misses completely what we are told by Paul in 1Timothy 6:3, that "sound doctrine" and "sound words" are those of our Lord Jesus Christ.
What we should really seek and cling to are the principles that extend from a study of Dispensations. The forms and methods of the priesthood changed through the course of the Bible, but the principles upon which they functioned remain the same. All priests of any Dispensation have been commanded both to bring sacrifices to the Lord, and to teach God's Word.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
What verses in the Scripture identify where the Dispensations change?
What must the student beware of when applying this principle?
What should the student look for in the application of this principle?
As much as you are able, trace the Spiritual functions (not forms or methods) of the Family, Levitical and Believer-Priesthoods and note the similarities you find.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 13 -- Principle Thirteen – Interpret Covenantally
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Lesson 13 -- Principle Thirteen – Interpret Covenantally
This principle recognizes the agreements (or contracts) made between God and men. There are conditional covenants that depend upon man's compliance, and there are unconditional covenants that depend solely upon the truthfulness of God's Word.
Covenants are important because they give us a basic overview of history regarding how God relates to His people. If we understand God's covenants and allow those promises to guide us, we will be kept from incorrectly interpreting passages that seem to conflict. For example, the Israelites may be disciplined during human history with periods of difficulty and disaster (Lev 26), but will not be eliminated, as God has promised to protect them.
There are nine covenants that require individual study. We will simply note their titles and present a brief description of each covenant with its location in Scripture.
1 THE EDENIC COVENANT.
The Edenic Covenant was made in the Garden of Eden between Adam and God (Gen 1- 2). It was conditional based on the man's obedience, and involved God's promise to bless man with a perfect environment (2:8), perfect food, visual stimulation (2:9), perfect weather (1:6-7, 3:8), perfect sex (2:21-25), and daily fellowship with the Lord (1:26-27, 3:8). The covenant was initially accepted by man, but broken when he violated God's order not to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree.
The Edenic Covenant is no longer in effect, but many of the blessings will be restored to man during the future period of the New Heavens and Earth (Rev 21- 22). Therefore, we must not interpret this Covenant into contexts which do not specifically deal with the Garden of Eden. Mankind will not establish all the blessings promised apart from the Lord Jesus Christ.
2 THE ADAMIC COVENANT.
The Adamic Covenant was made between God and Adam in the Garden after the Fall, before the expulsion (Genesis 3:14-19). It was unconditional.
This covenant was the consequences of the original sin, known as the "Fall". God cursed the instrument of deception (3:14), and brought a conflict into history between the descendants of Adam and the serpent (3:14-15). The woman was given pain in childbearing and a subordinate standing to the male (3:16). The earth was cursed (3:17-19), causing difficulty in the production of food. The man and the woman were scheduled to die physically (3:19 cf. 2:17), and both were expelled from the perfect habitat of the Garden (3:17-19).
The Adamic Covenant spans all dispensations and will be in effect for all humanity until God throws the Devil into the Lake of Fire after the conclusion of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev 20:7-10). We must realize that the effects of Adam's fall pass on to all of mankind. {Ro 5:12-14}
3 THE NOAHIC COVENANT.
The Noahic Covenant, which is found in Genesis 8:20-9:17, was made between God and Noah after the Great Flood. It was made as an unconditional covenant addressing the destruction of pre-flood civilization. It included a promise that there would never again be a universal flood that would destroy civilization. It also included God's command to repopulate the earth (9:1), the provision of animal flesh for food (9:2-4), and the installment of capital punishment as penalty for murder (9:5,6). The rainbow was given as the sign of God's faithfulness in regard to this covenant.
The Noahic Covenant began at the Flood and lasts forever. While there may be local floods that destroy property and cause loss of life, there will be none that brings the universal destruction that the Great Flood brought. The freedom to eat animal flesh was also given and thus we should not interpret passages that refer to a diet solely of vegetables {Da 1} to be the standard for all mankind. The final part of this Covenant established God's penalty for murder which is still His will today.
4 THE ABRAHAMIC COVENANT.
The basic promises of the Abrahamic Covenant are found in Genesis 12:1-3, with further additions and explanations given later. It was made with Abraham, and was conditional to him until he met the Lord's requirements, then the covenant was extended unconditionally to his descendants.
The covenant with Abraham includes the promises of personal blessing, innumerable descendants, real estate, a city, national status, blessing by association, protection and the line of descent of the Messiah (Gen 17:1-8).
The Abrahamic Covenant began with the promise to Abraham. The line of the Messiah was fulfilled at the First Advent by Jesus Christ. {Ga 3:16} The promise of material blessings associated with the Covenant have been given at various points in history but will reach their potential in the Millennial Kingdom. This covenant spans all Dispensations from the promise to Abraham through the Millennium.
The meaning of a particularly confusing passage in God's Word is more readily understood when one applies the principles of the Abrahamic Covenant to it. The passage is found in Matthew 11:20-24 and says,
'Then He began to reproach the cities in which most of His miracles were done, because they did not repent. 'Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the miracles had occurred in Tyre and Sidon which occurred in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. 'Nevertheless I say to you, it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the day of judgment, than for you. 'And you, Capernaum, will not be exalted to heaven, will you? You shall descend to Hades; for if the miracles had occurred in Sodom which occurred in you, it would have remained to this day. 'Nevertheless I say to you that it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for you.'
By grace, Israel is given some extra time to repent because of the promises of the Abrahamic Covenant. If Israel does not repent, the discipline will be severe, but the nation will not be destroyed and removed from history.
5 THE MOSAIC COVENANT.
The Mosaic Covenant of Law was made with Moses on Mount Sinai. It can be found in Exodus 20 and several other passages in Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This covenant is conditional, based on obedience. Those who obeyed were blessed and those who did not were cursed (Lev 26).
The primary purpose of the Mosaic Covenant was to show the need for the Savior. {Ga 3:24-25} It clearly presented God's moral law. The covenant was also given to Israel to establish and set guidelines for the Levitical Priesthood and the Tabernacle.
Jesus Christ came to fulfill this covenant by perfectly keeping the Law (Matt 5:17). This Covenant is only for the Age of Israel which includes the time from the initial giving of the Mosaic Law (Exod 20) until the Day of Pentecost which began the Church. It will also include the time known as the 'Tribulation' which is seven years of human history that will occur after the Rapture of the Church.
We must realize that many passages found in the Old Testament refer only to time spent under the Mosaic Law. For example, many animals are declared 'unclean' and are not to be eaten (Lev 11). This does not apply to us today as Jesus Christ made it clear that all foods are now 'clean'. {Mr 7:14-18}
6 THE DAVIDIC COVENANT.
The Davidic Covenant was made with David and is found in 2Sa 7:8-19 and Psalm 89. It is an unconditional covenant, which established national rulership in David's house, and the promise of a "Greater Son" who would rule over the nations forever.
The Davidic Covenant became effective when it was given to David during his kingship. Part of the Covenant was fulfilled by the coming of the 'Greater Son' who is Jesus Christ Himself at the First Advent (Luke 1:32). The results will extend forever.
At one time the line of David was in the hands of an eight-year-old king named Josiah (2Kings 22:1). A Jew living during this time would still have a foundation of hope that is built on the promise of God. Jesus Himself received 'all authority...in heaven and on earth,' after His resurrection (Matt 28:18) in fulfillment of this Covenant. The Believer today can have comfort knowing that Jesus is on the heavenly throne {Heb 8:1} and will one day return to establish His earthly throne (Matt 25:31).
7 THE PALESTINIAN COVENANT.
The Palestinian Covenant is a continuation of the Abrahamic Covenant. This conditional covenant promises dispersion of the Jewish peoples because of disobedience, but then a regathering into the land after they repent (Deut 30:1-10).
This Covenant is for the Age of Israel and will be fulfilled when the Jews are supernaturally regathered at the Second Advent (Matt 24:31; Mark 13:27) and the land promised to Abraham, from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates, is established (Gen 15:18). From the giving of the Covenant forward, the interpreter should consider that dispersions of Israel from the land are only temporary.
8 THE NEW COVENANT TO ISRAEL.
A New Covenant was made with the House of Israel in Jeremiah 31:31-34, and was reiterated in Hebrews 8:8-12. This covenant is based on the blood of Jesus Christ, {Heb 9:11-14} and is unconditional to regenerate Jews (Jews that have undergone the new birth).
The covenant, which includes the promises of the universal indwelling of the Holy Spirit and great material wealth, {Jer 32:41 Isa 61:8} will be fulfilled in the Millennial Kingdom. It is important to remember while studying the Scriptures that the promises made by God in this Covenant are given to believing Jews only. Jews will not be blessed under this covenant simply because of their race.
9 THE NEW COVENANT TO THE CHURCH.
A New Covenant was also made to the New Testament Church (Matt 26:26-28). It is unconditional for Believers in Jesus Christ, based on the cross, {Heb 9:11-14}
and commemorated in the ritual of the Lord's Table - Communion (1Cor 11:25). It establishes the universal and royal priesthood of Believers, {Heb 9:11} and promises to be fulfilled both in time and for eternity. Jesus Christ became the Mediator of this covenant. {Heb 9:15}
This Covenant began on the Day of Pentecost with the establishment of the Church (Acts 2) and will last forever. The student should remember that the blessings received under this Covenant will last forever and cannot be taken away. Thus, the Church Age Believer has complete security that no matter what difficulties one experiences in life, the Lord has not forsaken - and will never forsake - them (Matt 28:18-20).
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Read for yourself the verses where each covenant is stated and note whether or not conditions are stated or implied, conditional or unconditional.
What are the major promises found in each?
Which covenants are still in effect?
How do these covenants affect our interpretation of the Bible?
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 14 -- Principle Fourteen – Interpret Specifically
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Lesson 14 -- Principle Fourteen – Interpret Specifically
This principle recognizes that there are some specific questions that must be answered when interpreting the Bible. For example, we must ask, "Who said this?" "To whom was this said?" "Under what circumstances was it said?" and "Whom does this concern?"
The principle recognizes that God has dealt with three classes of people in history, namely, the Jews, the Gentiles, and the Church (1Cor 10:32). Therefore, we must seek to determine who the recipients were of a given portion of Scripture so that we may know whether a promise, covenant, or warning applies to us.
We have seen in our brief study of covenants that to whom a covenant applies is very important. A Gentile nation (non-Jewish races) for example, may be removed or dispersed because of evil and disobedience to the Lord. The Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian Empires are just a few examples of nations (peoples) to whom this has happened.
God not only promised to disperse Israel but He also promised to regather them. No other nation has these promises. If we were to apply promises to other nations that were given specifically to Israel, we would be in error.
A second example would be the promise of a nation, land and citizenship in Canaan for Israel (Gen 12:1-3, 13:15), but a citizenship in heaven for the Church. {Php 3:20} National status and land is not promised to the Church or to other nations.
A third example would be a contrast between the blessing for Israel based on their relationship to God (Deut 8:7-10) and a blessing on the Gentiles for their blessing on Israel (Gen 12:3). There is no such blessing promised for those who bless the Church or Gentile nations.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Why is this principle important?
Do you believe there might be some overlap between the three classes of people mentioned? Why or why not?
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 15 -- Principle Fifteen – Interpret Prophecy Carefully
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Lesson 15 -- Principle Fifteen – Interpret Prophecy Carefully
This principle recognizes that the Bible very clearly foretells future events. The Bible also tells us very clearly that true prophecies come through men moved by the Spirit of God, and that "no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one's own interpretation". {2Pe 1:19-21} There are many unique attempts at interpretation of prophecy, and sadly, many are totally deceptive. It is well known that cults often use special or unique interpretations of prophecy as a means to win converts. Let us remember that as Believers in Jesus Christ, we are all priests. Beware of anyone with a new and unique interpretation; beware of those who require you to believe their new and unique interpretation in order to be accepted into their group.
The interpreter of prophecy actually puts together a large picture that has been cut into many thousands of pieces (there are probably 10,000 verses of prophecy). When the picture is complete, we must see the face of Christ, who is the focal point of all history - past, present and future. The picture that emerges must account for all the known facts, and must take all pieces of evidence into consideration. It is not our privilege to discount facts that do not fit the picture we think we are going to see.
The study of the interpretation of prophecy can be a course unto itself, as over 1/4 of all Scripture is found in prophetic books. For our purposes in this lesson, however, there are three simple guidelines to be followed.
1 DETERMINE IF THE PROPHET MAKES THE INTERPRETATION.
First, determine if the prophet gives his own interpretation like Jesus did in John 2:19-21 concerning the Temple. The passage says:
"Jesus answered and said to them, 'Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.' The Jews therefore said, 'It took forty-six years to build this temple, and will You raise it up in three days?' But He was speaking of the temple of His body."
Some prophecies such as this one are easy to interpret. Realize too that God may leap over centuries of time without making a comment. He may also leap over centuries of time even within the same verse, such as is seen in a comparison of Luke 4:18-21 with Isaiah 61:1-2, which Jesus quotes and interprets for us.
2 DETERMINE IF THE PROPHECY HAS BEEN HISTORICALLY FULFILLED.
We should first seek to determine whether other passages of Scripture might reveal the fulfillment of any given prophecy. This lets us know which prophecies are yet to be fulfilled and thus in our future.
One example of this principle is the Flood of Noah which was prophesied 120 years before it occurred (Gen 6:3). Scripture tells us that this was fulfilled (Gen 7-8).
Scripture also prophecies that the Lord will supernaturally regather the nation of Israel (Zech 9:14; Matt 24:31). This prophecy clearly has not yet been fulfilled. We determine this not only from Scripture but also from history.
We have to look at external sources, such as secular history books, to discover if and when some prophecies may have been fulfilled. Remember that secular history is not inspired by God and may disagree with His word at times, but the Bible student always must accept God's word as accurate.
3 RECOGNIZE THE LANGUAGE OF PROPHECY.
In prophecy we must consider figures of speech (such as the representation of the Lord as the "Lion of the Tribe of Judah" or the "Lamb of God" in Revelation 5), symbols (such as the "Beasts" of Revelation 13), and types (such as the earthly Tabernacle found In Exodus 25-40). It should be obvious by now that first we must look for Biblical explanations of prophetic language.
Remember that speculation is not interpretation. Speculations occur when one guesses at the meaning of prophetic language. It is easy for man to attempt to turn personal speculations into "doctrines." We must realize however, that some prophetic language will not be understood until the appropriate time. {Da 12:4, 8-10}
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Read the prophetic books.
Read them again.
Summary List of Principles of Interpretation
PRINCIPLE #1: INTERPRET BASED ON DIVINE ESSENCE.
PRINCIPLE #2: INTERPRET CHRISTOLOGICALLY.
PRINCIPLE #3: INTERPRET THE DIFFERENCES.
PRINCIPLE #4: INTERPRET TO FIND OUT HOW TO LIVE.
PRINCIPLE #5: INTERPRET FROM PRIMARY PASSAGES.
PRINCIPLE #6: INTERPRET BASED ON CONTEXT.
PRINCIPLE #7: INTERPRET COMPARATIVELY.
PRINCIPLE #8: INTERPRET HARMONIOUSLY.
PRINCIPLE #9: INTERPRET LITERALLY.
PRINCIPLE #10: INTERPRET VOLITIONALLY.
PRINCIPLE #11: INTERPRET PROGRESSIVELY.
PRINCIPLE #12: INTERPRET DISPENSATIONALLY.
PRINCIPLE #13: INTERPRET COVENANTALLY.
PRINCIPLE #14: INTERPRET SPECIFICALLY.
PRINCIPLE #15: INTERPRET PROPHECY CAREFULLY.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
Define each principle of interpretation.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 2 -- Make an Outline of the Book
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Lesson 2 -- Make an Outline of the Book
When we are ready to take a closer look at the book, we must begin by making an outline. What we need to do is start with the big picture, then analyze smaller and smaller pieces of that picture. The logic is obvious; the closer and longer we look at a very elaborate picture, the more detail we will be able to appreciate. God's word is much the same way. The big picture is Jesus Christ Himself. The written Word is a revelation of the Living Word (John 5:39-47). As we look closer and closer we can see more details of the person of Christ.
We must never get so entangled in the details that we fail to realize the context of the big picture. If we do we will, "strain out a gnat and swallow a camel" (Matt 23:24), which means we will miss the truly important things.
When making an outline of the book, our first job is to determine how the text is organized into paragraph divisions. Many Bible translations have a way of noting these divisions in the text. Commonly, translations highlight the number of the first verse of a paragraph with bold print. Read the introduction to the translation you are using to see whether and how the translators have marked the paragraphs. If such divisions are not marked, proceed anyway noting where topic changes happen.
For example, 1 Thessalonians paragraph divisions are as follows: 1:1; 1:2-10; 2:1-12; 2:13-16; 2:17-20; 3:1-10; 3:11-13; 4:1-8; 4:9-12; 4:13-18; 5:1-11; 5:12- 22; 5:23-28.
Next, give each paragraph a title. As we study the book more deeply, our outline will probably change as we come to see more of the content. At this point we won't dwell long on these titles. Our task is to be informative, yet be as simple as possible.
PARAGRAPH TITLE
- 1:1
- 1:2-10
- 2:1-12
- 2:13-16
- 2:17-20
- 3:1-10
- 3:11-13
- 4:1-8
- 4:9-12
- 4:13-18
- 5:1-11
- 5:12-22
- 5:23-28
An outline of the paragraph divisions of 1 Thessalonians would look like this:
A. 1:1 Greeting And Salutation.
B. 1:2-10 Thanksgiving For Their Example.
C. 2:1-12 Paul's Position.
D. 2:13-16 Thanksgiving For Their Diligence.
E. 2:17-20 Paul's Desire To See Them.
F. 3:1-10 Paul's Desire To Learn Of Their Progress.
G. 3:11-13 Paul's Hope For Their Spiritual Advance.
H. 4:1-8 Paul's Desire For Their Sanctification.
I. 4:9-12 Paul's Commendation For Their Love.
J. 4:13-18 The Dead In Christ.
K. 5:1-11 The Day Of The Lord.
L. 5:12-22 Practical Exhortations.
M. 5:23-28 Farewell.
FOR PERSONAL STUDY
If your outline is not similar to this then go back and read the book again while comparing your outline to the one above.
Equip Foundations: How to Study -- Lesson 3 -- Narrow the Scope of Your Study
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Lesson 3 -- Narrow the Scope of Your Study
This step begins to analyze the individual paragraphs. As an example we will examine the first two paragraphs of chapter one of 1 Thessalonians.
GREETING AND SALUTATION 1 Thessalonians 1:1
V 1 Paul and Silvanus and Timothy to the church of the Thessalonians in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace.
This opening verse answers some of the questions that we should seek to answer. Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy are involved in the composition of this letter; so we have answered "who" is doing the writing. The recipients of the letter are the church members located in Thessalonica; so we have answered to "whom" the writing was addressed.
Notice that Paul is identifying the church as being located "in" the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. This indicates that a close relationship exists between God and Believers.
Paul also has a short prayer for them. He desires that grace and peace will be given to them.
In order to help get us started, notice that three principles are taught in verse 1.
PRINCIPLE #1: Great people of God desire that other people grow in their relationship with Him.
PRINCIPLE #2: Great people of God can work together in encouraging others to grow.
PRINCIPLE #3: Great people of God want to share what they have.
To further narrow the scope of our study, we will now consider the verses that form the second paragraph.
THANKSGIVING FOR THEIR EXAMPLE 1 Thessalonians 1:2-10
First, read this second paragraph through several times.
V 2 We give thanks to God always for all of you, making mention of you in our prayers;
V 3 constantly bearing in mind your work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the presence of our God and Father,
V 4 knowing, brethren beloved by God, His choice of you;
V 5 for our gospel did not come to you in word only, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction; just as you know what kind of men we proved to be among you for your sake.
V 6 You also became imitators of us and of the Lord, having received the word in much tribulation with the joy of the Holy Spirit,
V 7 so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia.
V 8 For the word of the Lord has sounded forth from you, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith toward God has gone forth, so that we have no need to say anything.
V 9 For they themselves report about us what kind of a reception we had with you, and how you turned to God from idols to serve a living and true God,
V 10 and to wait for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, that is Jesus, who delivers us from the wrath to come.
Then go through and give a title to each verse.
V2 =__________________________________________
"We give thanks to God always for all of you, making mention of you in our prayers;"
V3 =__________________________________________
"constantly bearing in mind your work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the presence of our God and Father,"
V4 =__________________________________________
"knowing, brethren beloved by God, His choice of you;"
V5 =__________________________________________
"for our gospel did not come to you in word only, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction; just as you know what kind of men we proved to be among you for your sake."
V6 =__________________________________________
"You also became imitators of us and of the Lord, having received the word in much tribulation with the joy of the Holy Spirit,"
V7 =__________________________________________
"so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia."
V8 =__________________________________________
"For the word of the Lord has sounded forth from you, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith toward God has gone forth, so that we have no need to say anything."
V9 =__________________________________________
"For they themselves report about us what kind of a reception we had with you, and how you turned to God from idols to serve a living and true God,"
V10 =__________________________________________
"and to wait for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, that is Jesus, who delivers us from the wrath to come."
When finished, your titles of each verse may look something like this.
V 2 = THANKSGIVING IN PRAYER.
"We give thanks to God always for all of you, making mention of you in our prayers;"
V 3 = WHY THE THANKSGIVING - FAITH, HOPE AND LOVE.
"constantly bearing in mind your work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the presence of our God and Father,"
V 4 = LIVING OUT THEIR CALL FROM GOD.
"knowing, brethren beloved by God, His choice of you;"
V 5 = THEIR ROOTS IN THE GOSPEL.
"for our gospel did not come to you in word only, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction; just as you know what kind of men we proved to be among you for your sake."
V 6 = THE DIFFERENCE THE GOSPEL MADE.
"You also became imitators of us and of the Lord, having received the word in much tribulation with the joy of the Holy Spirit,"
V 7 = THE FIRST RESULT OF THE DIFFERENCE – AN EXAMPLE.
"so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia."
V 8 = THE SECOND RESULT OF THE DIFFERENCE -IMPACT.
"For the word of the Lord has sounded forth from you, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith toward God has gone forth, so that we have no need to say anything."
V 9 = THE FOUNDATION OF THE DIFFERENCES -TURNING FROM IDOLS.
"For they themselves report about us what kind of a reception we had with you, and how you turned to God from idols to serve a living and true God,"
V10 = THE FOUNDATION OF THE DIFFERENCES -HEAVENLY LIVING.
"and to wait for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, that is Jesus, who delivers us from the wrath to come."
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